








Writing about Charleston led me to wonder... What did people eat in the 17th-18th centuries?
Here's a sample menu ( perhaps only for the gentry) developed by my talented & gifted former Kendall/Hunt colleague, Cathy Goodman and current owner of Big Fish Co. in Dubuque, IA. She developed this menu about 20 years before the age of Google. Kendall/Hunt not only served it at our sales corporate function, but let us wear the 17th century-style rental costumes. I still have the photo! (Will post later). 10 years later, in Williamsburg, VA, I visited King's Tavern and enjoyed the Creme of Peanut Soup mentioned here:
Cocktails and Hors d'Ouevres
SpiritsAlcoholic beverages were a household staple in the colonies. There were no aspirins, no tranquilizers, and no anesthetics, so rum or brandy was often used in their stead. A good drink was also regarded as a preventive against flux or fever, which is why many an early-rising planter fortified himself with a starter before making the rounds of his plantation.
Pour yourself a swig of rum, then a swig of brandy before cooking this massive but easy meal! (Or if you agree with Jefferson, glass of red wine) of If you're feeling English, a dark malted beer.Crudites
Brie and French Bread
Baby Swiss and CrackersThe appetizer came in with Prohibition to accompany what was often an unpalatable drink and stayed on in favor as companion to the cocktail.
Rinse and cut up some celery, carrots,radishes & cucumbers.Serve with crackers or Italian bread, cheeses of your choosing and maybe some ranch or dilled yogurt dip for the raw veggies.Dinner
King's Arm Tavern Creme of Peanut Soup(Click on 17th-18th Century Menu Title above for Williamsburg recipe)Brazil is the native home of the peanut , the "ground nut" that sailed with Portuguese explorers to Africa and back to the Americas with the Negro. In 1794, Thomas Jefferson recorded the yield of 65 peanut hills at Monticello. The colonial staple is now the most heralded item on the King's Arm Tavern menu.
Caesar SaladIn Elizabethan England fresh salad was always the first dish served at the five o'clock supper. England's John Evelyn wrote a discourse on Sallets in 1699 which more affluent colonial housewives kept hidden on their shelves. He advised that the greens be washed and drained in a "Cullender," and then swung in a clean napkin. (Before the age of the "Salad Spinner")
No recipe here, just a bag of salad mix, rinsed & drained well with a little lemon juice, olive oil & Greek seasoning. (found at Wal-Mart-stock-up and use on everything!)Beef Wellington with Twice Baked PotatoSince beef cattle roamed until they were lean and tough, veal and pork were the most popular domestic meats in the 18th century. Not until about the 1890's did grain-fed beef find wide acceptance.
Here's a quick and easy updated version for two:
•2 filets mignon, 1-inch thick
•2 sheets puff pastry (freezer section where pie crusts are)
•Salt and pepper to taste
•1 Tbsp. unsalted butter
•4 Tbsp. of 1/2 lb sauteed mushrooms, 1 onion, 1/2tspn thyme, 1/2 tspn salt & pepper, 1/4 cup white wine (or lemon juice will suffice here)& some vegetable or olive oil
•1 egg
1. Thaw puff pastry according to package directions.
2. Season filets generously with salt and pepper.
4. Pre-heat a medium (10-inch) non-stick skillet over medium heat. Add butter and swirl in pan to melt.
5. Cook filets on both sides for about 3 minutes until well-browned on edges, but not well done. Remove from heat and allow to cool.
In the meantime, sautee in same pan the mushrooms, onions, wine, salt, pepper & thyme until browned.
6. Heat oven to 400F. Whisk together egg and 1 tablespoon water (egg wash).
7. Lay the filets down on puff pastry (takes 2-4 segments crossed over to cover filet completely). We're not looking for perfection here, just a nice looking package. Spoon some of the mushroom mixture on top of filet and finish wrapping like a Christmas present. Brush with egg wash, and bake in center of oven until golden brown; about 30 minutes. Meat should be medium cooked. Puff pastry will puff up nicely.Wrap 2 potatoes in alumninum foil and bake alongside Beef Wellington, Vegetables, & Cornbread for 30 minutes @ 400 degrees. Cornbread is really for breakfast the next day in the "Virginia fashion"Scandinavian Mixed Vegetables with Dill WeedVegetables appear infrequently in 18th century cookbooks, and when they do appear, they are generally too overcooked and over spiced for 20th century palates. An exception to this is this savory mixture.
Here's my version:
1 bag of frozen California blend vegetables mixed with lemon juice, olive oil, Greek seasoning, dill weed and roasted in oven alongside Beef Wellington @ 400 degrees for 30 minutes.
Assorted BreadsNo bread from wheat was held as sustaining as that made from corn; besides, the yield of corn per acre compared to that of wheat better than twenty to one. But wheat flour was finer, and among the gentry, buttered wheat bread and tea made a desirable snack. Corn bread was the bread on which to work and travel. At Mount Vernon, "Indian corn cakes for breakfast after the Virginia fashion" was the rule.
Quick 21st century version:Buy 2 Jiffy cornmeal boxes and follow directions on box with 1 egg each and some oil & milk. Pour into well-greased stick-free frying pan & bake alongside vegetables & Beef Wellington for 20-30 minutes. (Wrap rubber handles with foil , or use frying pan without rubber handles)Chocolate Raspberry Torte The dessert was the pride and joy of colonial housewives. Wrote an 18th century poet:
'Tis the Dessert that graces all the Feast,
For an ill end and disparages the rest...
The number of eggs called for in the old recipes (sometimes up to 20) seemed needlessly extravagant, until we recall that colonial hens, who had to scratch for their living, laid much smaller eggs than do their scientifically bred, fed, pampered & confined successors of this century. Sugar, imported from the West Indies, was costly and came in large cone-shaped loaves, which had to be broken down.
Here's a 21st century recipe-fast!:
1 box Betty Crocker chocolate cake mix
(follow directions on box and mix eggs, oil and water with cake mix)
Add 2 tbsps of almonds ground up in food processor (can leave out if don't have) & 1/4 cup melted raspberry jam or 2 tbspns of raspberry liquor, Mix again.
Pour into greased cake pan & bake for 30 minutes @ 350 degrees.
Microwave raspberry jam and 1/4 -1/2 cup chocolate chips for about 20 seconds. Add water,if needed, for easier pouring and reheat again
Pour over cake and let drip down sides, wait to cool
Can eat as is, or to impress guests:
Garnish with fresh raspberries, mint leaves and a dollup of whipped creamLouis Martini Merlot Thomas Jefferson was an acknowledged wine connoisseur. He also owned Sally Hemingway's brother, a well-schooled French culinary chef per Jefferson's request.
He supported a proposed reduction of duties on wine to avoid the use of whiskey as a substitute. Wine he declared to be the necessity of life and said,
"No nation is drunk where wine is cheap." Jefferson died at 84 (ancient in colonial times and partially due to his high vegetable diet (favorites were peas & cucumbers grown on his farm), low meat diet, and love of wine. His beloved library was sold to auctioneers to pay his debts. (Very Amercian if you ask me!)
Macoroni & CheeseI also understand that Jefferson liked mac & cheese if you please.....one more history lesson:
It is said that macaroni, a curved, tubular pasta made from flour that had its origins in China and was brought to Italy by Marco Polo, has been cooked and served with cheese in Italian homes, inns and restaurants for over 500 years. By the eighteenth century, the dish, in one form or another, had become popular throughout Europe, and colonists from England brought along their appetite and recipes for this cheesy treat to North America. In the 1800s, recipes for various versions of macaroni and cheese appeared in many American cookbooks. And so, a legend was born.
21st century version, VELVEETA CREAMY MAC & CHEESE, of course!or for a an even more homemade taste- buy Stoeffers Mac & Cheese in freezer section & warm up